Termodinamika (bahasa Yunani: thermos = 'panas' and dynamic = 'perubahan') adalah fisika energi , panas, kerja, entropi dan kespontanan proses. Termodinamika berhubungan dekat dengan mekanika statistik di mana banyak hubungan termodinamika berasal.
Pada sistem di mana terjadi proses perubahan wujud atau pertukaran energi, termodinamika klasik tidak berhubungan dengan kinetika reaksi (kecepatan suatu proses reaksi berlangsung). Karena alasan ini, penggunaan istilah "termodinamika" biasanya merujuk pada termodinamika setimbang. Dengan hubungan ini, konsep utama dalam termodinamika adalah proses kuasistatik, yang diidealkan, proses "super pelan". Proses termodinamika bergantung-waktu dipelajari dalam termodinamika tak-setimbang.
Karena termodinamika tidak berhubungan dengan konsep waktu, telah diusulkan bahwa termodinamika setimbang seharusnya dinamakan termostatik.
Hukum termodinamika kebenarannya sangat umum, dan hukum-hukum ini tidak bergantung kepada rincian dari interaksi atau sistem yang diteliti. Ini berarti mereka dapat diterapkan ke sistem di mana seseorang tidak tahu apa pun kecual perimbangan transfer energi dan wujud di antara mereka dan lingkungan. Contohnya termasuk perkiraan Einstein tentang emisi spontan dalam abad ke-20 dan riset sekarang ini tentang termodinamika benda hitam.
Konsep dasar dalam termodinamika
Pengabstrakan dasar atas termodinamika adalah pembagian dunia menjadi sistem dibatasi oleh kenyataan atau ideal dari batasan. Sistem yang tidak termasuk dalam pertimbangan digolongkan sebagai lingkungan. Dan pembagian sistem menjadi subsistem masih mungkin terjadi, atau membentuk beberapa sistem menjadi sistem yang lebih besar. Biasanya sistem dapat diberikan keadaan yang dirinci dengan jelas yang dapat diuraikan menjadi beberapa parameter.
Sistem termodinamika
Sistem termodinamika adalah bagian dari jagat raya yang diperhitungkan. Sebuah batasan yang nyata atau imajinasi memisahkan sistem dengan jagat raya, yang disebut lingkungan. Klasifikasi sistem termodinamika berdasarkan pada sifat batas sistem-lingkungan dan perpindahan materi, kalor dan entropi antara sistem dan lingkungan.
Ada tiga jenis sistem berdasarkan jenis pertukaran yang terjadi antara sistem dan lingkungan:
- sistem terisolasi: tak terjadi pertukaran panas, benda atau kerja dengan lingkungan. Contoh dari sistem terisolasi adalah wadah terisolasi, seperti tabung gas terisolasi.
- sistem tertutup: terjadi pertukaran energi (panas dan kerja) tetapi tidak terjadi pertukaran benda dengan lingkungan. Rumah hijau adalah contoh dari sistem tertutup di mana terjadi pertukaran panas tetapi tidak terjadi pertukaran kerja dengan lingkungan. Apakah suatu sistem terjadi pertukaran panas, kerja atau keduanya biasanya dipertimbangkan sebagai sifat pembatasnya:
- pembatas adiabatik: tidak memperbolehkan pertukaran panas.
- pembatas rigid: tidak memperbolehkan pertukaran kerja.
- sistem terbuka: terjadi pertukaran energi (panas dan kerja) dan benda dengan lingkungannya. Sebuah pembatas memperbolehkan pertukaran benda disebut permeabel. Samudra merupakan contoh dari sistem terbuka.
Dalam kenyataan, sebuah sistem tidak dapat terisolasi sepenuhnya dari lingkungan, karena pasti ada terjadi sedikit pencampuran, meskipun hanya penerimaan sedikit penarikan gravitasi. Dalam analisis sistem terisolasi, energi yang masuk ke sistem sama dengan energi yang keluar dari sistem.
Keadaan termodinamika
Ketika sistem dalam keadaan seimbang dalam kondisi yang ditentukan, ini disebut dalam keadaan pasti (atau keadaan sistem).
Untuk keadaan termodinamika tertentu, banyak sifat dari sistem dispesifikasikan. Properti yang tidak tergantung dengan jalur di mana sistem itu membentuk keadaan tersebut, disebut fungsi keadaan dari sistem. Bagian selanjutnya dalam seksi ini hanya mempertimbangkan properti, yang merupakan fungsi keadaan.
Jumlah properti minimal yang harus dispesifikasikan untuk menjelaskan keadaan dari sistem tertentu ditentukan oleh Hukum fase Gibbs. Biasanya seseorang berhadapan dengan properti sistem yang lebih besar, dari jumlah minimal tersebut.
Pengembangan hubungan antara properti dari keadaan yang berlainan dimungkinkan. Persamaan keadaan adalah contoh dari hubungan tersebut.
Hukum-hukum Dasar Termodinamika
Terdapat empat Hukum Dasar yang berlaku di dalam sistem termodinamika, yaitu:
- Hukum Awal (Zeroth Law) Termodinamika
-
- Hukum ini menyatakan bahwa dua sistem dalam keadaan setimbang dengan sistem ketiga, maka ketiganya dalam saling setimbang satu dengan lainnya.
- Hukum Pertama Termodinamika
-
- Hukum ini terkait dengan kekekalan energi. Hukum ini menyatakan perubahan energi dalam dari suatu sistem termodinamika tertutup sama dengan total dari jumlah energi kalor yang disuplai ke dalam sistem dan kerja yang dilakukan terhadap sistem.
- Hukum kedua Termodinamika
-
- Hukum kedua termodinamika terkait dengan entropi. Hukum ini menyatakan bahwa total entropi dari suatu sistem termodinamika terisolasi cenderung untuk meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya waktu, mendekati nilai maksimumnya.
- Hukum ketiga Termodinamika
- Hukum ketiga termodinamika terkait dengan temperatur nol absolut. Hukum ini menyatakan bahwa pada saat suatu sistem mencapai temperatur nol absolut, semua proses akan berhenti dan entropi sistem akan mendekati nilai minimum. Hukum ini juga menyatakan bahwa entropi benda berstruktur kristal sempurna pada temperatur nol absolut bernilai nol.
In English
Thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη, therme, meaning "heat"[1] and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning "power") is a branch of physics and is used extensively in chemistry and biochemistry. Thermodynamics studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analysing the collective motion of their particles using statistics.[2][3] Roughly, heat means "energy in transit" and dynamics relates to "movement"; thus, in essence thermodynamics studies the movement of energy and how energy instills movement. Historically, thermodynamics developed out of need to increase the efficiency of early steam engines.[4]
The starting point for most thermodynamic considerations are the laws of thermodynamics, which postulate that energy can be exchanged between physical systems as heat or work.[5] They also postulate the existence of a quantity named entropy, which can be defined for any system.[6] In thermodynamics, interactions between large ensembles of objects are studied and categorized. Central to this are the concepts of system and surroundings. A system is composed of particles, whose average motions define its properties, which in turn are related to one another through equations of state. Properties can be combined to express internal energy and thermodynamic potentials, which are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and spontaneous processes.
With these tools, thermodynamics describes how systems respond to changes in their surroundings. This can be applied to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, such as engines, phase transitions, chemical reactions, transport phenomena, and even black holes. The results of thermodynamics are essential for other fields of physics and for chemistry, chemical engineering, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, cell biology, biomedical engineering, materials science, and economics to name a few.[7][8]
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 The laws of thermodynamics
- 3 Thermodynamic potentials
- 4 Classical thermodynamics
- 5 Statistical thermodynamics
- 6 Chemical thermodynamics
- 7 Thermodynamic systems
- 8 Thermodynamic parameters
- 9 Thermodynamic instruments
- 10 Thermodynamic states
- 11 Thermodynamic processes
- 12 See also
- 13 References
- 14 Further reading
- 15 External links
HISTORY
The history of thermodynamics as a scientific discipline generally begins with Otto von Guericke who in 1650 built and designed the world's first vacuum pump and created the world's first ever vacuum (known as the Magdeburg hemispheres). Guericke was driven to make a vacuum in order to disprove Aristotle's long-held supposition that 'nature abhors a vacuum'. Shortly after Guericke, the Irish physicist and chemist Robert Boyle had learned of Guericke's designs and in 1656, in coordination with English scientist Robert Hooke, built an air pump.[9] Using this pump, Boyle and Hooke noticed a correlation between pressure, temperature, and volume. In time, Boyle's Law was formulated, which states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Then, in 1679, based on these concepts, an associate of Boyle's named Denis Papin built a bone digester, which was a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confined steam until a high pressure was generated.
Later designs implemented a steam release valve that kept the machine from exploding. By watching the valve rhythmically move up and down, Papin conceived of the idea of a piston and a cylinder engine. He did not, however, follow through with his design. Nevertheless, in 1697, based on Papin's designs, engineer Thomas Savery built the first engine. Although these early engines were crude and inefficient, they attracted the attention of the leading scientists of the time.
Their work led 127 years later to Sadi Carnot, the "father of thermodynamics", who, in 1824, published Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, a discourse on heat, power, and engine efficiency. The paper outlined the basic energetic relations between the Carnot engine, the Carnot cycle, and Motive power. This marks the start of thermodynamics as a modern science.[2]
The term thermodynamics was coined by James Joule in 1849 to designate the science of relations between heat and power.[2] By 1858, "thermo-dynamics", as a functional term, was used in William Thomson's paper An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat.[10] The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankine, originally trained as a physicist and a civil and mechanical engineering professor at the University of Glasgow.[11]
The laws of thermodynamics
In thermodynamics, there are four laws of very general validity, and as such they do not depend on the details of the interactions or the systems being studied. Hence, they can be applied to systems about which one knows nothing other than the balance of energy and matter transfer. Examples of this include Einstein's prediction of spontaneous emission around the turn of the 20th century and current research into the thermodynamics of black holes.
The four laws are:
- Zeroth law of thermodynamics, stating that thermodynamic equilibrium is an equivalence relation.
-
- If two thermodynamic systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
-
- The change in the internal energy of a closed thermodynamic system is equal to the sum of the amount of heat energy supplied to the system and the work done on the system.
-
- The total entropy of any isolated thermodynamic system tends to increase over time, approaching a maximum value.
-
- As a system asymptotically approaches absolute zero of temperature all processes virtually cease and the entropy of the system asymptotically approaches a minimum value; also stated as: "the entropy of all systems and of all states of a system is zero at absolute zero" or equivalently "it is impossible to reach the absolute zero of temperature by any finite number of processes".
- Onsager reciprocal relations (sometimes called the Fourth Law of Thermodynamics)
-
- Express the equality of certain relations between flows and forces in thermodynamic systems out of equilibrium, but where a notion of local equilibrium exists.
-
- See also: Bose–Einstein condensate and negative temperature.
Thermodynamic potentials
As can be derived from the energy balance equation (or Burks' equation) on a thermodynamic system there exist energetic quantities called thermodynamic potentials, being the quantitative measure of the stored energy in the system. The five most well known potentials are:
| Internal energy |  |
| Helmholtz free energy |  |
| Enthalpy |  |
| Gibbs free energy |  |
| Grand potential |  |
Other thermodynamic potentials can be obtained through Legendre transformation. Potentials are used to measure energy changes in systems as they evolve from an initial state to a final state. The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure. Internal energy is the internal energy of the system, enthalpy is the internal energy of the system plus the energy related to pressure-volume work, and Helmholtz and Gibbs energy are the energies available in a system to do useful work when the temperature and volume or the pressure and temperature are fixed, respectively.
Classical thermodynamics
Classical thermodynamics is the original early 1800s variation of thermodynamics concerned with thermodynamic states, and properties as energy, work, and heat, and with the laws of thermodynamics, all lacking an atomic interpretation. In precursory form, classical thermodynamics derives from chemist Robert Boyle’s 1662 postulate that the pressure P of a given quantity of gas varies inversely as its volume V at constant temperature; i.e. in equation form: PV = k, a constant. From here, a semblance of a thermo-science began to develop with the construction of the first successful atmospheric steam engines in England by Thomas Savery in 1697 and Thomas Newcomen in 1712. The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously in the 1850s, primarily out of the works of William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin).
Statistical thermodynamics
With the development of atomic and molecular theories in the late 1800s and early 1900s, thermodynamics was given a molecular interpretation. This field is called statistical thermodynamics, which can be thought of as a bridge between macroscopic and microscopic properties of systems. Essentially, statistical thermodynamics is an approach to thermodynamics situated upon statistical mechanics, which focuses on the derivation of macroscopic results from first principles. It can be opposed to its historical predecessor phenomenological thermodynamics, which gives scientific descriptions of phenomena with avoidance of microscopic details. The statistical approach is to derive all macroscopic properties (temperature, volume, pressure, energy, entropy, etc.) from the properties of moving constituent particles and the interactions between them (including quantum phenomena). It was found to be very successful and thus is commonly used.
Chemical thermodynamics
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat with chemical reactions or with a physical change of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. During the years 1873-76 the American mathematical physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs published a series of three papers, the most famous being On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, in which he showed how thermodynamic processes could be graphically analyzed, by studying the energy, entropy, volume, temperature and pressure of the thermodynamic system, in such a manner to determine if a process would occur spontaneously.[12] During the early 20th century, chemists such as Gilbert N. Lewis, Merle Randall, and E. A. Guggenheim began to apply the mathematical methods of Gibbs to the analysis of chemical processes.[13]
Sources:
Wikipedia
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar