Di Pimpin Oleh:
Angga Fuja Widiana
Mahasiswa Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
dan
Kandidat Kuat Mahasiswa di Universitas Tokyo Jepang
Visi
Mengantarkan Siswa-Siswa Daerah Karawang Menjuarai Ivent-ivent Astronomi dan Fisika
Baik di Tingkat Nasional dan Internasional
Misi
1. Pelatihan yang menumbuhkan semangat dan kesadaran
2. Kaderisasi yang Terus-menerus
3. Belajar dan Berlatih tiada henti
4. Menjalin Kerja Sama dengan Daerah lain
5. Istiqomah
Program dan Langkah Strategis:
1. Pembuatan Kurikulum dan pengumpulan data-data Olimpade Astronomi dan Fisika
2. Kerjasama dengan Daerah Lain.
Fisika.
Fisika (Bahasa Yunani: φυσικός (physikos), "alamiah", dan φύσις (physis), "Alam") adalah sains atau ilmu tentang alam dalam makna yang terluas. Fisika mempelajari gejala alam yang tidak hidup atau materi dalam lingkup ruang dan waktu. Para fisikawan atau ahli fisika mempelajari perilaku dan sifat materi dalam bidang yang sangat beragam, mulai dari partikel submikroskopis yang membentuk segala materi (fisika partikel) hingga perilaku materi alam semesta sebagai satu kesatuan kosmos.
Beberapa sifat yang dipelajari dalam fisika merupakan sifat yang ada dalam semua sistem materi yang ada, seperti hukum kekekalan energi. Sifat semacam ini sering disebut sebagai hukum fisika. Fisika sering disebut sebagai "ilmu paling mendasar", karena setiap ilmu alam lainnya (biologi, kimia, geologi, dan lain-lain) mempelajari jenis sistem materi tertentu yang mematuhi hukum fisika. Misalnya, kimia adalah ilmu tentang molekul dan zat kimia yang dibentuknya. Sifat suatu zat kimia ditentukan oleh sifat molekul yang membentuknya, yang dapat dijelaskan oleh ilmu fisika seperti mekanika kuantum, termodinamika, dan elektromagnetika.
Fisika juga berkaitan erat dengan matematika. Teori fisika banyak dinyatakan dalam notasi matematis, dan matematika yang digunakan biasanya lebih rumit daripada matematika yang digunakan dalam bidang sains lainnya. Perbedaan antara fisika dan matematika adalah: fisika berkaitan dengan pemerian dunia material, sedangkan matematika berkaitan dengan pola-pola abstrak yang tak selalu berhubungan dengan dunia material. Namun, perbedaan ini tidak selalu tampak jelas. Ada wilayah luas penelitan yang beririsan antara fisika dan matematika, yakni fisika matematis, yang mengembangkan struktur matematis bagi teori-teori fisika.
Astronomi, yang secara etimologi berarti "ilmu bintang" (dari Yunani: άστρο, + νόμος), adalah ilmu yang melibatkan pengamatan dan penjelasan kejadian yang terjadi di luar Bumi dan atmosfernya. Ilmu ini mempelajari asal-usul, evolusi, sifat fisik dan kimiawi benda-benda yang bisa dilihat di langit (dan di luar Bumi), juga proses yang melibatkan mereka.
Selama sebagian abad ke-20, astronomi dianggap terpilah menjadi astrometri, mekanika langit, dan astrofisika. Status tinggi sekarang yang dimiliki astrofisika bisa tercermin dalam nama jurusan universitas dan institut yang dilibatkan di penelitian astronomis: yang paling tua adalah tanpa kecuali bagian 'Astronomi' dan institut, yang paling baru cenderung memasukkan astrofisika di nama mereka, kadang-kadang mengeluarkan kata astronomi, untuk menekankan sifat penelitiannya. Selanjutnya, penelitian astrofisika, secara khususnya astrofisika teoretis, bisa dilakukan oleh orang yang berlatar belakang ilmu fisika atau matematika daripada astronomi.
Here are some tips which may help you to master the English Language!
1. Speak without Fear
The biggest problem most people face in learning a new language is their own fear. They worry that they won’t say things correctly or that they will look stupid so they don’t talk at all. Don’t do this. The fastest way to learn anything is to do it – again and again until you get it right. Like anything, learning English requires practice. Don’t let a little fear stop you from getting what you want.
2. Use all of your Resources
Even if you study English at a language school it doesn’t mean you can’t learn outside of class. Using as many different sources, methods and tools as possible, will allow you to learn faster. There are many different ways you can improve your English, so don’t limit yourself to only one or two. The internet is a fantastic resource for virtually anything, but for the language learner it’s perfect.
3. Surround Yourself with English
The absolute best way to learn English is to surround yourself with it. Take notes in English, put English books around your room, listen to English language radio broadcasts, watch English news, movies and television. Speak English with your friends whenever you can. The more English material that you have around you, the faster you will learn and the more likely it is that you will begin “thinking in English.”
4. Listen to Native Speakers as Much as Possible
There are some good English teachers that have had to learn English as a second language before they could teach it. However, there are several reasons why many of the best schools prefer to hire native English speakers. One of the reasons is that native speakers have a natural flow to their speech that students of English should try to imitate. The closer ESL / EFL students can get to this rhythm or flow, the more convincing and comfortable they will become.
5. Watch English Films and Television
This is not only a fun way to learn but it is also very effective. By watching English films (especially those with English subtitles) you can expand your vocabulary and hear the flow of speech from the actors. If you listen to the news you can also hear different accents.
6. Listen to English Music
Music can be a very effective method of learning English. In fact, it is often used as a way of improving comprehension. The best way to learn though, is to get the lyrics (words) to the songs you are listening to and try to read them as the artist sings. There are several good internet sites where one can find the words for most songs. This way you can practice your listening and reading at the same time. And if you like to sing, fine.
7. Study As Often As Possible!
Only by studying things like grammar and vocabulary and doing exercises, can you really improve your knowledge of any language.
8. Do Exercises and Take Tests
Many people think that exercises and tests aren’t much fun. However, by completing exercises and taking tests you can really improve your English. One of the best reasons for doing lots of exercises and tests is that they give you a benchmark to compare your future results with. Often, it is by comparing your score on a test you took yesterday with one you took a month or six months ago that you realize just how much you have learned. If you never test yourself, you will never know how much you are progressing. Start now by doing some of the many exercises and tests on this site, and return in a few days to see what you’ve learned. Keep doing this and you really will make some progress with English.
9. Record Yourself
Nobody likes to hear their own voice on tape but like tests, it is good to compare your tapes from time to time. You may be so impressed with the progress you are making that you may not mind the sound of your voice as much.
10. Listen to English
By this, we mean, speak on the phone or listen to radio broadcasts, audiobooks or CDs in English. This is different than watching the television or films because you can’t see the person that is speaking to you. Many learners of English say that speaking on the phone is one of the most difficult things that they do and the only way to improve is to practice.
Finally
Have fun!
Pemimpin Project:
Cecepulah
Kota Cirebon adalah sebuah kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Kota ini berada di pesisir Laut Jawa, di jalur pantura. Dahulu Cirebon merupakan ibu kota Kesultanan Cirebon dan Kabupaten Cirebon, namun ibu kota Kabupaten Cirebon kini telah dipindahkan ke Sumber. Cirebon menjadi pusat regional di wilayah pesisir timur Jawa Barat.
Cirebon juga disebut dengan nama 'Kota Udang'. Sebagai daerah pertemuan budaya Jawa dan Sunda sejak beberapa abad silam, masyarakat Cirebon biasa menggunakan dua bahasa, bahasa Sunda dan Jawa.
Menurut Manuskrip Purwaka Caruban Nagari, pada abad XIV di pantai Laut Jawa ada sebuah desa nelayan kecil bernama Muara Jati. Pada waktu itu sudah banyak kapal asing yang datang untuk berniaga dengan penduduk setempat. Pengurus pelabuhan adalah Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang yang ditunjuk oleh penguasa Kerajaan Galuh (Padjadjaran). Dan di pelabuhan ini juga terlihat aktivitas Islam semakin berkembang. Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang memindahkan tempat pemukiman ke tempat pemukiman baru di Lemahwungkuk, 5 km arah selatan mendekati kaki bukit menuju kerajaan Galuh. Sebagai kepala pemukiman baru diangkatlah Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang dengan gelar Kuwu Cerbon.
Pada Perkembangan selanjutnya, Pangeran Walangsungsang, putra Prabu Siliwangi ditunjuk sebagai Adipati Cirebon dengan Gelar Cakrabumi. Pangeran inilah yang mendirikan Kerajaan Cirebon, diawali dengan tidak mengirimkan upeti kepada Raja Galuh. Oleh Raja Galuh dijawab dengan mengirimkan bala tentara ke Cirebon Untuk menundukkan Adipati Cirebon, namun ternyata Adipati Cirebon terlalu kuat bagi Raja Galuh sehingga ia keluar sebagai pemenang.
Dengan demikian berdirilah kerajaan baru di Cirebon dengan Raja bergelar Cakrabuana. Berdirinya kerajaan Cirebon menandai diawalinya Kerajaan Islam Cirebon dengan pelabuhan Muara Jati yang aktivitasnya berkembang sampai kawasan Asia Tenggara.
Pada abad ke-13 Kota Cirebon ditandai dengan kehidupan yang masih tradisional dan pada tahun 1479 berkembang pesat menjadi pusat penyebaran dan Kerajaan Islam terutama di wilayah Jawa Barat. Kemudian setelah penjajah Belanda masuk, dibangunlah jaringan jalan raya darat dan kereta api sehingga mempengaruhi perkembangan industri dan perdagangan.
Pada periode ini Kota Cirebon disahkan menjadi Gemeente Cheribon dengan luas 1.100 Hektar dan berpenduduk 20.000 jiwa (Stlb. 1906 No. 122 dan Stlb. 1926 No. 370).
Pada 1942 Kota Cirebon diperluas menjadi 2.450 hektar dan tahun 1957 status pemerintahannya menjadi Kota Praja dengan luas 3.300 hektar, setelah ditetapkan menjadi Kotamadya tahun 1965 luas wilayahnya menjadi 3.600 hektar.
Belajar Astronomi (oleh Hans Gunawan)
Berguru kepada Situs Astronomi ITB
Teleskop dan permasalahannya (siap download)
Companion to Astronomy and Astrophysics
Handbook of astronomy and astrophysics
Astronomy -principles and pratice
Silakan dicoba terus untuk mendapatkan filenya:
Sumber: Guru Fisika
Mathematical physics is the scientific discipline concerned with the interface of mathematics and physics. There is no real consensus about what does or does not constitute mathematical physics. A very typical definition is the one given by the Journal of Mathematical Physics: "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories."[1]
This definition does, however, not cover the situation where results from physics are used to help prove facts in abstract mathematics which themselves have nothing particular to do with physics. This phenomenon has become increasingly important, with developments from string theory research breaking new ground in mathematics. Eric Zaslow coined the phrase physmatics to describe these developments[2], although other people would consider them as part of mathematical physics proper.
Important fields of research in mathematical physics include: functional analysis/quantum physics, geometry/general relativity and combinatorics/probability theory/statistical physics. More recently, string theory has managed to make contact with many major branches of mathematics including algebraic geometry, topology, and complex geometry.
Contents· 2 Prominent mathematical physicists · 3 Mathematically rigorous physics · 4 Notes · 6 Bibliographical references o 6.2 Textbooks for undergraduate studies |
There are several distinct branches of mathematical physics, and these roughly correspond to particular historical periods. The theory of partial differential equations (and the related areas of variational calculus, Fourier analysis, potential theory, and vector analysis) are perhaps most closely associated with mathematical physics. These were developed intensively from the second half of the eighteenth century (by, for example, D'Alembert, Euler, and Lagrange) until the 1930s. Physical applications of these developments include hydrodynamics, celestial mechanics, elasticity theory, acoustics, thermodynamics, electricity, magnetism, and aerodynamics.
The theory of atomic spectra (and, later, quantum mechanics) developed almost concurrently with the mathematical fields of linear algebra, the spectral theory of operators, and more broadly, functional analysis. These constitute the mathematical basis of another branch of mathematical physics.
The special and general theories of relativity require a rather different type of mathematics. This was group theory: and it played an important role in both quantum field theory and differential geometry. This was, however, gradually supplemented by topology in the mathematical description of cosmological as well as quantum field theory phenomena.
Statistical mechanics forms a separate field, which is closely related with the more mathematical ergodic theory and some parts of probability theory.
The usage of the term 'Mathematical physics' is sometimes idiosyncratic. Certain parts of mathematics that initially arose from the development of physics are not considered parts of mathematical physics, while other closely related fields are. For example, ordinary differential equations and symplectic geometry are generally viewed as purely mathematical disciplines, whereas dynamical systems and Hamiltonian mechanics belong to mathematical physics.
One of the earliest mathematical physicists was the eleventh century Iraqi physicist and mathematician, Ibn al-Haytham [965-1039], known in the West as Alhazen. His conceptions of mathematical models and of the role they play in his theory of sense perception, as seen in his Book of Optics (1021), laid the foundations for mathematical physics.[3] Other notable mathematical physicists at the time included Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī [973-1048] and Al-Khazini [fl. 1115-1130], who introduced algebraic and fine calculation techniques into the fields of statics and dynamics.[4]
The great seventeenth century English physicist and mathematician, Isaac Newton [1642-1727], developed a wealth of new mathematics (for example, calculus and several numerical methods (most notably Newton's method) to solve problems in physics. Other important mathematical physicists of the seventeenth century included the Dutchman Christiaan Huygens [1629-1695] (famous for suggesting the wave theory of light), and the German Johannes Kepler [1571-1630] (Tycho Brahe's assistant, and discoverer of the equations for planetary motion/orbit).
In the eighteenth century, two of the great innovators of mathematical physics were Swiss: Daniel Bernoulli [1700-1782] (for contributions to fluid dynamics, and vibrating strings), and, more especially, Leonhard Euler [1707-1783], (for his work in variational calculus, dynamics, fluid dynamics, and many other things). Another notable contributor was the Italian-born Frenchman, Joseph-Louis Lagrange [1736-1813] (for his work in mechanics and variational methods).
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, important French figures were Pierre-Simon Laplace [1749-1827] (in mathematical astronomy, potential theory, and mechanics) and Siméon Denis Poisson [1781-1840] (who also worked in mechanics and potential theory). In Germany, both Carl Friedrich Gauss [1777-1855] (in magnetism) and Carl Gustav Jacobi [1804-1851] (in the areas of dynamics and canonical transformations) made key contributions to the theoretical foundations of electricity, magnetism, mechanics, and fluid dynamics.
Gauss (along with Euler) is considered by many to be one of the three greatest mathematicians of all time. His contributions to non-Euclidean geometry laid the groundwork for the subsequent development of Riemannian geometry by Bernhard Riemann [1826-1866]. As we shall see later, this work is at the heart of general relativity.
The nineteenth century also saw the Scot, James Clerk Maxwell [1831-1879], win renown for his four equations of electromagnetism, and his countryman, Lord Kelvin [1824-1907] make substantial discoveries in thermodynamics. Among the English physics community, Lord Rayleigh [1842-1919] worked on sound; and George Gabriel Stokes [1819-1903] was a leader in optics and fluid dynamics; while the Irishman William Rowan Hamilton [1805-1865] was noted for his work in dynamics. The German Hermann von Helmholtz [1821-1894] is best remembered for his work in the areas of electromagnetism, waves, fluids, and sound. In the
The late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries saw the birth of special relativity. This had been anticipated in the works of the Dutchman, Hendrik Lorentz [1853-1928], with important insights from Jules-Henri Poincaré [1854-1912], but which were brought to full clarity by Albert Einstein [1879-1955]. Einstein then developed the invariant approach further to arrive at the remarkable geometrical approach to gravitational physics embodied in general relativity. This was based on the non-Euclidean geometry created by Gauss and Riemann in the previous century.
Einstein's special relativity replaced the Galilean transformations of space and time with Lorentz transformations in four dimensional Minkowski space-time. His general theory of relativity replaced the flat Euclidean geometry with that of a Riemannian manifold, whose curvature is determined by the distribution of gravitational matter. This replaced Newton's scalar gravitational force by the Riemann curvature tensor.
The other great revolutionary development of the twentieth century has been quantum theory, which emerged from the seminal contributions of Max Planck [1856-1947] (on black body radiation) and Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect. This was, at first, followed by a heuristic framework devised by Arnold Sommerfeld [1868-1951] and Niels Bohr [1885-1962], but this was soon replaced by the quantum mechanics developed by Max Born [1882-1970], Werner Heisenberg [1901-1976], Paul Dirac [1902-1984], Erwin Schrödinger [1887-1961], and Wolfgang Pauli [1900-1958]. This revolutionary theoretical framework is based on a probabilistic interpretation of states, and evolution and measurements in terms of self-adjoint operators on an infinite dimensional vector space (Hilbert space, introduced by David Hilbert [1862-1943]). Paul Dirac, for example, used algebraic constructions to produce a relativistic model for the electron, predicting its magnetic moment and the existence of its antiparticle, the positron.
Later important contributors to twentieth century mathematical physics include Satyendra Nath Bose [1894-1974], Julian Schwinger [1918-1994], Sin-Itiro Tomonaga [1906-1979], Richard Feynman [1918-1988], Freeman Dyson [1923- ], Hideki Yukawa [1907-1981], Roger Penrose [1931- ], Stephen Hawking [1942- ], and Edward Witten [1951- ].
The term 'mathematical' physics is also sometimes used in a special sense, to distinguish research aimed at studying and solving problems inspired by physics within a mathematically rigorous framework. Mathematical physics in this sense covers a very broad area of topics with the common feature that they blend pure mathematics and physics. Although related to theoretical physics, 'mathematical' physics in this sense emphasizes the mathematical rigour of the same type as found in mathematics. On the other hand, theoretical physics emphasizes the links to observations and experimental physics which often requires theoretical physicists (and mathematical physicists in the more general sense) to use heuristic, intuitive, and approximate arguments. Such arguments are not considered rigorous by mathematicians. Arguably, rigorous mathematical physics is closer to mathematics, and theoretical physics is closer to physics.
Such mathematical physicists primarily expand and elucidate physical theories. Because of the required rigor, these researchers often deal with questions that theoretical physicists have considered to already be solved. However, they can sometimes show (but neither commonly nor easily) that the previous solution was incorrect.
The field has concentrated in three main areas: (1) quantum field theory, especially the precise construction of models; (2) statistical mechanics, especially the theory of phase transitions; and (3) nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (Schrödinger operators), including the connections to atomic and molecular physics.
The effort to put physical theories on a mathematically rigorous footing has inspired many mathematical developments. For example, the development of quantum mechanics and some aspects of functional analysis parallel each other in many ways. The mathematical study of quantum statistical mechanics has motivated results in operator algebras. The attempt to construct a rigorous quantum field theory has brought about progress in fields such as representation theory. Use of geometry and topology plays an important role in string theory. The above are just a few examples. An examination of the current research literature would undoubtedly give other such instances.
· Abraham, Ralph & Marsden, Jerrold E. (2008), Foundations of mechanics: a mathematical exposition of classical mechanics with an introduction to the qualitative theory of dynamical systems (2nd ed.),
· Arnold, Vladimir I.; Vogtmann, K. & Weinstein, A. (tr.) (1997), Mathematical methods of classical mechanics / [Matematicheskie metody klassicheskoĭ mekhaniki] (2nd ed.),
· Courant, Richard & Hilbert, David (1989), Methods of mathematical physics / [Methoden der mathematischen Physik],
· Glimm, James & Jaffe, Arthur (1987), Quantum physics: a functional integral point of view (2nd ed.),
· Haag, Rudolf (1996), Local quantum physics: fields, particles, algebras (2nd rev. & enl. ed.),
· Hawking, Stephen W. & Ellis, George F. R. (1973), The large scale structure of space-time,
· Kato, Tosio (1995), Perturbation theory for linear operators (2nd repr. ed.),
· This is a reprint of the second (1980) edition of this title.
· Margenau, Henry & Murphy, George Moseley (1976), The mathematics of physics and chemistry (2nd repr. ed.), Huntington, [NY.]: R. E. Krieger Pub.
· This is a reprint of the 1956 second edition.
· Morse, Philip McCord & Feshbach, Herman (1999), Methods of theoretical physics (repr. ed.),
· This is a reprint of the original (1953) edition of this title.
· von Neumann, John & Beyer, Robert T. (tr.) (1955), Mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics,
· Reed, Michael C. & Simon, Barry (1972-1977), Methods of modern mathematical physics (4 vol.),
· Titchmarsh, Edward Charles (1939), The theory of functions (2nd ed.),
· This tome was reprinted in 1985.
· Thirring, Walter E. & Harrell, Evans M. (tr.) (1978-1983), A course in mathematical physics / [Lehrbuch der mathematischen Physik] (4 vol.),
· Weyl, Hermann & Robertson, H. P. (tr.) (1931), The theory of groups and quantum mechanics / [Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik],
· Whittaker, Edmund Taylor & Watson, George Neville (1979), A course of modern analysis: an introduction to the general theory of infinite processes and of analytic functions, with an account of the principal transcendental functions (1st AMS ed.),
· Arfken, George B. & Weber, Hans J. (1995), Mathematical methods for physicists (4th ed.),
· Boas, Mary L. (2006), Mathematical methods in the physical sciences (3rd ed.),
· Butkov,
· Jeffreys, Harold & Swirles Jeffreys, Bertha (1956), Methods of mathematical physics (3rd rev. ed.),
· Mathews, Jon & Walker, Robert L. (1970), Mathematical methods of physics (2nd ed.),
· Stakgold, Ivar (c.2000), Boundary value problems of mathematical physics (2 vol.),
· Aslam, Jamil & Hussain, Faheem (2007), 'Mathematical physics' Proceedings of the 12th Regional Conference, Islamabad, Pakistan, 27 March - 1 April 2006], Singapore: World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-270-591-4, <http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/6405.html>
· Baez, John C. & Muniain, Javier P. (1994), Gauge fields, knots, and gravity,
· Geroch, Robert (1985), Mathematical physics, Chicago, [IL.]:
· Polyanin, Andrei D. (2002), Handbook of linear partial differential equations for engineers and scientists, Boca Raton, [FL.]: Chapman & Hall / CRC Press, ISBN 1-584-88299-9
· Polyanin, Alexei D. & Zaitsev, Valentin F. (2004), Handbook of nonlinear partial differential equations, Boca Raton, [FL.]: Chapman & Hall / CRC Press, ISBN 1-584-88355-3
· Szekeres, Peter (2004), A course in modern mathematical physics: groups, Hilbert space and differential geometry,
| ||||||
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics"
Categories: Mathematical physics | Mathematical science occupations
